EL PAPEL DE LA ALIMENTACIÓN EN LA MODULACIÓN DE LA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL Y SU INFLUENCIA EN LA OBESIDAD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64956/gm-unifacol.v2i1.18Palabras clave:
Alimentación, Microbiota, Obesidad, Disbiosis, MetabolismoResumen
Introducción: La obesidad es una condición multifactorial, asociada con disfunciones metabólicas e inflamatorias, cuyo desarrollo ha sido cada vez más relacionado con la composición de la microbiota intestinal.
Objetivo: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar críticamente la evidencia científica sobre la influencia de la alimentación en la modulación de la microbiota intestinal y su relación con la obesidad.
Metodología: Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura mediante una búsqueda estructurada en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect y Scopus, centrándose en estudios publicados entre 2004 y 2024 que abordan los efectos de la dieta sobre la microbiota y los desenlaces metabólicos relacionados con la obesidad.
Discusión: Los estudios analizados señalan que los individuos con obesidad presentan disbiosis intestinal, caracterizada por la reducción de la diversidad microbiana y una alteración en la proporción entre los filos Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes. Este desequilibrio favorece una mayor extracción de energía de la dieta, el aumento de la producción de metabolitos proinflamatorios y la endotoxemia metabólica, contribuyendo a la resistencia a la insulina y a la acumulación de tejido adiposo. La producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC), como butirato, propionato y acetato, influenciada por la dieta y la composición microbiana, desempeña un papel relevante en la modulación del metabolismo lipídico, en la homeostasis energética y en la señalización hormonal del apetito. No obstante, estos efectos beneficiosos dependen de un estado de eubiosis.
Conclusión: Las intervenciones dietéticas que promuevan una microbiota intestinal equilibrada y funcional se configuran como estrategias prometedoras para la prevención y el manejo de la obesidad, al actuar directamente sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados en su desarrollo.
Citas
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